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in) wide. The profuse fragrant, golden flowers appear in late winter
and spring, followed by long seed pods. Plants are cross-pollinated by
several species of
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Acacia pycnantha
Acacia pycnantha, commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae native to southeastern Australia. It grows to a height of 8 m (26 ft) and has phyllodes (flattened leaf stalks) instead of true leaves. Sickle-shaped, these are between 9 and 15 cm (3 1⁄2 and 6 in) long, and 1–3.5 cm (1⁄2–1 1⁄2 in)
wide. The profuse fragrant, golden flowers appear in late winter and
spring, followed by long seed pods. Plants are cross-pollinated by
several species of honeyeater and thornbill, which visit nectaries on the phyllodes and brush against flowers, transferring pollen between them. An understorey plant in eucalyptus
forest, it is found from southern New South Wales and the Australian
Capital Territory, through Victoria and into southeastern South
Australia.
Explorer Thomas Mitchell collected the type specimen, from which George Bentham wrote the species description in 1842. No subspecies are recognised. The bark of A. pycnantha produces more tannin
than any other wattle species, resulting in its commercial cultivation
for production of this compound. It has been widely grown as an
ornamental garden plant and for cut flower production, but has become a
weed in South Africa, Tanzania, Italy, Portugal, Sardinia, India,
Indonesia, New Zealand, as well as Western Australia, Tasmania and New
South Wales. Acacia pycnantha was made the official floral emblem of Australia in 1988, and has been featured on the country's postal stamps.
| Golden wattle | |
|---|---|
 |
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Scientific classification  |
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Clade: | Mimosoideae |
| Genus: | Acacia |
| Species: | A. pycnantha |
| Binomial name | |
| Acacia pycnantha Benth.[1] |
|
| Synonyms[1] | |
Species synonymy
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Contents
DescriptionEdit
Floral buds are produced year-round on the tips of new growth, but only those initiated between November and May go on to flower several months later. Flowering usually takes place from July to November (late winter to early summer) in the golden wattle's native range; because the later buds develop faster, flowering peaks over July and August.[7][8] The bright yellow inflorescences occur in groups of 40 to 80 on 2.5–9 cm (1–3 1⁄2 in)-long racemes that arise from axillary buds.[2] Each inflorescence is a ball-like structure that is covered by 40 to 100 small flowers that have five tiny petals (pentamerous) and long erect stamens, which give the flower head a fluffy appearance.[4]
Developing after flowering has finished, the seed pods are flattish, straight or slightly curved, 5–14 cm (2–5 1⁄2 in) long and 5–8 mm wide.[8][9] They are initially bright green, maturing to dark brown and have slight constrictions between the seeds,[10] which are arranged in a line in the pod.[8] The oblong seeds themselves are 5.5 to 6 mm long, black and shiny, with a clavate (club-shaped) aril.[2] They are released in December and January, when the pods are fully ripe.[7]
Species similar in appearance include mountain hickory wattle (A. obliquinervia), coast golden wattle (A. leiophylla) and golden wreath wattle (A. saligna).[2] Acacia obliquinervia has grey-green phyllodes, fewer flowers in its flower heads, and broader (1.25–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in)-wide) seed pods.[11] A. leiophylla has paler phyllodes.[12] A. saligna has longer, narrower phyllodes.[4]
TaxonomyEdit
Acacia pycnantha was first formally described by botanist George Bentham in the London Journal of Botany in 1842.[13] The type specimen was collected by the explorer Thomas Mitchell in present-day northern Victoria between Pyramid Hill and the Loddon River.[14][1] Bentham thought it was related to A. leiophylla, which he described in the same paper.[13] The specific epithet pycnantha is derived from the Greek words pyknos (dense) and anthos (flowers), a reference to the dense cluster of flowers that make up the globular inflorescences.[15] Queensland botanist Les Pedley reclassified the species as Racosperma pycnanthum in 2003, when he proposed placing almost all Australian members of the genus into the new genus Racosperma.[16] However, this name is treated as a synonym of its original name.[1]
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann described Acacia petiolaris in 1851 from a plant grown at Hamburg Botanic Gardens from seed said to be from the Swan River Colony (Perth). [14] Carl Meissner described A. falcinella from material from Port Lincoln in 1855. Bentham classified both as A. pycnantha in his 1864 Flora Australiensis, though he did categorise a possible subspecies angustifolia based on material from Spencer Gulf with narrower phyllodes and fewer inflorescences.[17] However, no subspecies are currently recognised, though an informal classification distinguishes wetland and dryland forms, the latter with narrower phyllodes.[18]
In 1921 Joseph Maiden described Acacia westonii from the northern and western slopes of Mount Jerrabomberra near Queanbeyan in New South Wales. He felt it was similar to, but distinct from, A. pycnantha and was uncertain whether it warranted species rank. His colleague Richard Hind Cambage grew seedlings and reported they had much longer internodes than those of A. pycnantha, and that the phyllodes appeared to have three nectaries rather than the single one of the latter species.[19] It is now regarded as a synonym of A. pycnantha.[1]
Common names recorded include golden wattle, green wattle, black wattle, and broad-leaved wattle.[1] At Ebenezer Mission in the Wergaia country of north-western Victoria the aborigines referred to it as witch.[20][21]
Hybrids of the species are known in nature and cultivation. In the Whipstick forest near Bendigo in Victoria, putative hybrids with Whirrakee wattle (Acacia williamsonii) have been identified; these resemble hakea wattle (Acacia hakeoides).[2] Garden hybrids with Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia) raised in Europe have been given the names Acacia x siebertiana and Acacia x deneufvillei.[1]
Johann Georg Christian Lehmann described Acacia petiolaris in 1851 from a plant grown at Hamburg Botanic Gardens from seed said to be from the Swan River Colony (Perth). [14] Carl Meissner described A. falcinella from material from Port Lincoln in 1855. Bentham classified both as A. pycnantha in his 1864 Flora Australiensis, though he did categorise a possible subspecies angustifolia based on material from Spencer Gulf with narrower phyllodes and fewer inflorescences.[17] However, no subspecies are currently recognised, though an informal classification distinguishes wetland and dryland forms, the latter with narrower phyllodes.[18]
In 1921 Joseph Maiden described Acacia westonii from the northern and western slopes of Mount Jerrabomberra near Queanbeyan in New South Wales. He felt it was similar to, but distinct from, A. pycnantha and was uncertain whether it warranted species rank. His colleague Richard Hind Cambage grew seedlings and reported they had much longer internodes than those of A. pycnantha, and that the phyllodes appeared to have three nectaries rather than the single one of the latter species.[19] It is now regarded as a synonym of A. pycnantha.[1]
Common names recorded include golden wattle, green wattle, black wattle, and broad-leaved wattle.[1] At Ebenezer Mission in the Wergaia country of north-western Victoria the aborigines referred to it as witch.[20][21]
Hybrids of the species are known in nature and cultivation. In the Whipstick forest near Bendigo in Victoria, putative hybrids with Whirrakee wattle (Acacia williamsonii) have been identified; these resemble hakea wattle (Acacia hakeoides).[2] Garden hybrids with Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia) raised in Europe have been given the names Acacia x siebertiana and Acacia x deneufvillei.[1]
Distribution and habitatEdit
The species has become naturalised beyond its original range in Australia. In New South Wales it is especially prevalent around Sydney and the Central Coast region. In Tasmania it has spread in the east of the state and become weedy in bushland near Hobart. In Western Australia, it is found in the Darling Range and western wheatbelt as well as Esperance and Kalgoorlie.[4]
Outside Australia it has become naturalised in South Africa, Tanzania, Italy, Portugal, Sardinia, India, Indonesia and New Zealand.[4] It is present in California as a garden escapee, but is not considered to be naturalised there.[23] In South Africa, where it had been introduced between 1858 and 1865 for dune stabilization and tannin production, it had spread along waterways into forest, mountain and lowland fynbos, and borderline areas between fynbos and karoo.[24] The gall-forming wasp Trichilogaster signiventris has been introduced in South Africa for biological control and has reduced the capacity of trees to reproduce throughout their range.[25] The eggs are laid by adult wasps into buds of flower heads in the summer, before hatching in May and June when the larvae induce the formation of the grape-like galls and prevent flower development. The galls can be so heavy that branches break under their weight.[26] In addition, the introduction in 2001 of the acacia seed weevil Melanterius compactus has also proved effective.[27]
EcologyEdit
A fly visiting a nectary on a phyllode
Like other wattles, Acacia pycnantha fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere.[30] It hosts bacteria known as rhizobia that form root nodules, where they make nitrogen available in organic form and thus help the plant grow in poor soils. A field study across Australia and South Africa found that the microbes are genetically diverse, belonging to various strains of the species Bradyrhizobium japonicum and genus Burkholderia in both countries. It is unclear whether the golden wattle was accompanied by the bacteria to the African continent or encountered new populations there.[31]
Self-incompatible, Acacia pycnantha cannot fertilise itself and requires cross-pollination between plants to set seed.[32] Birds facilitate this and field experiments keeping birds away from flowers greatly reduces seed production. Nectaries are located on phyllodes; those near open flowers become active, producing nectar that birds feed upon just before or during flowering. While feeding, birds brush against the flower heads and dislodge pollen and often visit multiple trees.[6] Several species of honeyeater, including the white-naped, yellow-faced,[33] New Holland,[34] and occasionally white-plumed and crescent honeyeaters,[33] and Eastern spinebills have been observed foraging. Other bird species include the silvereye, striated, buff-rumped and brown thornbills. As well as eating nectar, birds often pick off insects on the foliage. Honeybees, native bees, ants and flies also visit nectaries, but generally do not come into contact with the flowers during this activity.[6] The presence of Acacia pycnantha is positively correlated with numbers of swift parrots overwintering in box–ironbark forest in central Victoria, though it is not clear whether the parrots are feeding on them or some other factor is at play.[35]
The wood serves as food for larvae of the jewel beetle species Agrilus assimilis, A. australasiae and A. hypoleucus.[36] The larvae of a number of butterfly species feed on the foliage including the fiery jewel, icilius blue, lithocroa blue and wattle blue.[37] Trichilogaster wasps form galls in the flowerheads, disrupting seed set[38] and Acizzia acaciaepycnanthae, a psyllid, sucks sap from the leaves.[39] Acacia pycnantha is a host to rust fungus species in the genus Uromycladium that affect the phyllodes and branches. These include Uromycladium simplex that forms pustules and U. tepperianum that causes large swollen brown to black galls that eventually lead to the death of the host plant.[40][41] Two fungal species have been isolated from leaf spots on Acacia pycnantha: Seimatosporium arbuti, which is found on a wide range of plant hosts, and Monochaetia lutea.[42]
UsesEdit
Trunk exuding gum
CultivationEdit
Golden wattle is cultivated in Australia and was introduced to the
northern hemisphere in the mid-1800s. Although it has a relatively short
lifespan of 15 to 30 years, it is widely grown for its bright yellow,
fragrant flowers.[15][38]
As well as being an ornamental plant, it has been used as a windbreak
or in controlling erosion. Trees are sometimes planted with the taller
sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx) to make a two-layered windbreak.[3] One form widely cultivated was originally collected on Mount Arapiles in western Victoria. It is floriferous, with fragrant flowers appearing from April to July.[46] The species has a degree of frost tolerance and is adaptable to a wide range of soil conditions, but it prefers good drainage.[46] It tolerates heavy soils in dry climates,[47] as well as mild soil salinity.[48] It can suffer yellowing (chlorosis) in limestone-based (alkaline) soils.[3] Highly drought-tolerant, it needs 370–550 mm (10–20 in) winter rainfall for cultivation.[3] It is vulnerable to gall attack in cultivation.[49] Propagation is from seed which has been pre-soaked in hot water to soften the hard seed coating.[15]
Symbolic and cultural referencesEdit
Golden wattle in full flower
The Australian Coat of Arms includes a wreath of wattle; this does not, however, accurately represent a golden wattle. Similarly, the green and gold colours used by Australian international sporting teams were inspired by the colours of wattles in general, rather than the golden wattle specifically.[15]
The species was depicted on a stamp captioned "wattle" as part of a 1959–60 Australian stamp set featuring Australian native flowers. In 1970, a 5c stamp labelled "Golden Wattle" was issued to complement an earlier set depicting the floral emblems of Australia. To mark Australia Day in 1990, a 41c stamp labelled "Acacia pycnantha" was issued.[15] Another stamp labelled "Golden Wattle", with a value of 70c, was issued in 2014.[51]
Μετάφραση
Acacia pycnantha - Βικιπαίδειαin) ευρεία. Τα άφθονα, αρωματικά, χρυσά λουλούδια εμφανίζονται στα τέλη του χειμώνα και την άνοιξη, ακολουθούμενα από μακρούς σπόρους. Τα φυτά πολλαπλασιάζονται με πολλά είδηen.m.wikipedia.org
Acacia pycnanthaΗ ακακία pycnantha, κοινώς γνωστή ως χρυσή καραβίδα, είναι ένα δέντρο της οικογένειας Fabaceae που προέρχεται από τη νοτιοανατολική Αυστραλία. Αναπτύσσεται σε ύψος 8 μ. (26 πόδια) και έχει φυλλοειδή (πεπλατυσμένα στελέχη φύλλων) αντί για αληθινά φύλλα. Σχηματίζονται σε σχήμα βελανιδιάς, μήκους μεταξύ 9 και 15 cm (3 1/2 και 6 in) και πλάτους 1-3,5 cm (1/2-1 1/2 in). Τα άφθονα, αρωματικά, χρυσά λουλούδια εμφανίζονται στα τέλη του χειμώνα και την άνοιξη, ακολουθούμενα από μακρούς σπόρους. Τα φυτά είναι διασταυρωμένα γονιμοποιημένα από διάφορα είδη μέλισσας και αγκάθι, τα οποία επισκέπτονται νέκταρ στα φυλλοειδή και βουρτσίζουν τα λουλούδια, μεταφέροντας γύρη μεταξύ τους. Ένα υποβρύχιο εργοστάσιο στο δάσος ευκαλύπτου, βρίσκεται στη νότια Νέα Νότια Ουαλία και στην Αυστραλιανή Πρωτεύουσα, μέσω της Βικτώριας και της νοτιοανατολικής Νότιας Αυστραλίας.Χρυσή καραμέλαΚοντινό πλάνο των εκκρεμών πράσινων φύλλων (φύλλων) και κίτρινων σφαιρικών κεφαλών λουλουδιώνΕπιστημονική ταξινόμηση eΒασίλειο: ΦυτάClade: ΑγγειόσπερμαClade: ΕυρυδίκηClade: ΡοζίδεςΠαραγγελία: FabalesΟικογένεια: FabaceaeClade: MimosoideaeΓένος: ΑκακίαΕίδος: Α. PycnanthaΔιωνυμικό όνομαAcacia pycnanthaBenth. [1]Συνώνυμα [1]Συνωνυμία ειδών
Acacia falcinella Meisn.
Acacia petiolaris Lehm.
Acacia pycnantha var. petiolaris Η. Vilm.
Acacia pycnantha Benth. var. pycnantha
Acacia westonii Maiden
Racosperma pycnanthum (Benth.) PedleyΟ εξερευνητής Thomas Mitchell συνέλεξε το δείγμα τύπου, από το οποίο ο Γιώργος Bentham έγραψε την περιγραφή του είδους το 1842. Δεν αναγνωρίζονται υποείδη. Ο φλοιός του Α. Pycnantha παράγει περισσότερη ταννίνη από οποιοδήποτε άλλο είδος βλάστησης, με αποτέλεσμα την εμπορική καλλιέργεια του για την παραγωγή αυτής της ένωσης. Έχει αναπτυχθεί ευρέως ως διακοσμητικό φυτό κήπου και για την παραγωγή ανθισμένων λουλουδιών, αλλά έχει γίνει ζιζάνιο στη Νότιο Αφρική, την Τανζανία, την Ιταλία, την Πορτογαλία, τη Σαρδηνία, την Ινδία, την Ινδονησία, τη Νέα Ζηλανδία, καθώς και τη Δυτική Αυστραλία, την Τασμανία και τη Νέα Νότια Ουαλία. Το Acacia pycnantha έγινε το επίσημο λουλουδάτο έμβλημα της Αυστραλίας το 1988 και παρουσιάστηκε στις ταχυδρομικές σφραγίδες της χώρας.ΠεριεχόμεναΠεριγραφήEditΈνα στρογγυλεμένο δέντρο με πράσινο φύλλωμα και άφθονα κίτρινα λουλούδια σε έναν δημόσιο κήποΣυνήθεια, βοτανικοί κήποι GeelongΗ Acacia pycnantha γενικά αναπτύσσεται ως μικρό δέντρο με ύψος μεταξύ 3 και 8 μέτρων (10 και 30 πόδια), [2] αν και έχουν αναφερθεί στο Μαρόκο δένδρα ύψους μέχρι και 12 μέτρων (40 πόδια). [3] Ο φλοιός είναι γενικά σκούρο καφέ έως γκρίζο-λεία στα νεότερα φυτά αν και μπορεί να είναι αυλακωτός και τραχύς σε παλαιότερα φυτά. [4] Τα κλαδιά μπορεί να είναι γυμνά και λεία ή να καλύπτονται με λευκή άνθιση [2]. Τα ώριμα δέντρα δεν έχουν αληθινά φύλλα αλλά έχουν φυλλοειδή-επίπεδα και διευρυμένα φύλλα των φύλλων-που κρεμούνται από τα κλαδιά. Λαμπερό και σκούρο πράσινο, είναι μεταξύ 9 και 15 cm (3 1/2 και 6 in) μακρύ, 1-3,5 cm (1/2-1 1/2 in) πλάτος και πτυχωτό (σχήματος δρεπανοειδούς) . [2] Η νέα ανάπτυξη έχει έναν χάλκινο χρωματισμό. [5] Οι παρατηρήσεις του πεδίου στο Hale Conservation Park δείχνουν ότι ο όγκος της νέας ανάπτυξης θα λάβει χώρα την άνοιξη και το καλοκαίρι από τον Οκτώβριο έως τον Ιανουάριο [6].Τα φυτικά μπουμπούκια παράγονται όλο το χρόνο στις άκρες της νέας ανάπτυξης, αλλά μόνο εκείνα που ξεκινούν από τον Νοέμβριο έως τον Μάιο συνεχίζουν να λουλουδιών αρκετούς μήνες αργότερα. Η ανθοφορία λαμβάνει χώρα συνήθως από τον Ιούλιο έως τον Νοέμβριο (από το τέλος του χειμώνα έως τις αρχές του καλοκαιριού) στο γηγενές εύρος της χρυσής ράβδου. επειδή οι παλιότεροι μπουμπούκια αναπτύσσονται ταχύτερα, ανθίζοντας κορυφές τον Ιούλιο και τον Αύγουστο. [7] [8] Οι έντονες κίτρινες ταξιανθίες εμφανίζονται σε ομάδες των 40 έως 80 σε 2,5-9 cm (1-3 1/2 ίντσες) - μακρές ραβδώσεις που προκύπτουν από τους μασχαλιαίους οφθαλμούς [2]. Κάθε ταξιανθία είναι μια δομή που μοιάζει με σφαίρα και καλύπτεται από 40 έως 100 μικρά λουλούδια που έχουν πέντε μικροσκοπικά πέταλα (πενταμερή) και μακριές όρθιες στήμονες, που δίνουν στην κεφαλή λουλουδιών μια χνουδωτή εμφάνιση.Η ανάπτυξη μετά την ανθοφορία έχει τελειώσει, οι λοβοί σπόρων είναι επίπεδες, ευθείες ή ελαφρώς καμπυλωτές, 5-14 cm (2-5 1/2 in) μακρύ και 5-8 mm πλάτος. [8] [9] Αρχικά είναι φωτεινό πράσινο, ωριμάζει σε σκούρο καφέ και έχει ελαφρές συστολές μεταξύ των σπόρων [10] που είναι διατεταγμένες σε μια γραμμή στο κορμό [8]. Οι επιμήκεις σπόροι είναι 5.5 έως 6 χιλιοστά μακρύ, μαύρο και γυαλιστερό, με αριστοκλειά (club-shaped) aril. [2] Απελευθερώνονται τον Δεκέμβριο και τον Ιανουάριο, όταν τα λοβούς είναι πλήρως ώριμα [7].Τα είδη που μοιάζουν με την εμφάνιση περιλαμβάνουν το βουνό του Hickory Mountain (A. obliquinervia), το χρυσαφένια ακτή (A. leiophylla) και το χρυσό στεφάνι (A. saligna). [2] Το Acacia obliquinervia έχει γκριζωπόφυλλους φυλλούς, λιγότερα άνθη στα κεφάλια των λουλουδιών και ευρύτερο (1,25-2,5 cm (1/2-1 in)) λοβό σπόρων. [11] Α. Η leiophylla έχει φαινολικές φαιάδες. [12] Το A. saligna έχει μακρύτερες, στενότερες φυλογλίδες [4].TaxonomyEditΤο Acacia pycnantha περιγράφηκε αρχικά από τον βοτανολόγο George Bentham στο Lo
